9000 BC – Corn harvesting begins in the Tehuacan valley in Puebla. 1800-200 BC – Pre-Classic Era. First settlements of the Olmecs in the coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico.

200 BC-900 AD – Classic Era. Maximum development of pre-Hispanic civilizations. Splendor of Teotihuacan, Monte Alban and Mitla (Zapotec), Uxmal, Palenque, El Tajin, Bonampak, Yaxchilan; decline of Xochicalco and Cacaxtla. The Maya civilization flourishes in what is now southern Mexico and northern Central America.

900-1400 AD – Post-Classic Era. Development of the Toltec culture in Tula in central Mexico. Height of Monte Albán and Mitla (Mixtec) in Oaxaca. Height of Chichén Itzá.

1325 – The Mexica (Aztecs) found Tenochtitlan on the site of present-day Mexico City. The city, built on an island in central Mexico's Lake Texcoco, becomes the capital of the Aztec empire.

1511 – Jerónimo de Aguilar, first Spaniard on Mexican soil, is captured by the Maya in Yucatán and later becomes interpreter for Cortés.

1519 – Mesoamerica's population estimated at 25 million people. Hernán Cortés leaves Cuba for an expedition to Mexico. Cortés founds Vera Cruz and initiates the exploration of Mexico. By the end of the year he meets with Moctezuma II, the Aztec emperor.

1521 – On August 13th Spain's Hernán Cortés conquers Tenochtitlan with the help of the Tlaxcaltecs and other Indian tribes that had been subjugated by the Mexica (Aztecs). He defeats the last Aztec emperor Cuauhtemoc. During the next 25 years, most of central and southern Mexico is christened New Spain. Chiapas forms part of Guatemala.

1535 – La Casa de Moneda, first mint of the Americas, was established in Mexico City.

1553 – Inauguration of the Real y Pontificia Universidad de Mexico (Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico).

1781 – Establishment of La Real Academia de Nobles Artes de San Carlos (The Royal Academy for the Noble Arts of San Carlos).1792 – The Real Seminario de Mineria (Royal School of Mining) is established in Mexico City ushering a new era in silver and gold mining.

1810 – On September 16th, in the town of Dolores, father Miguel Hidalgo issues a cry for Mexico's independence from Spain. The day before Central America’s provinces declared their independence from Spain, except Panama that was part of Colombia.

1813 – The Spanish Crown gives permission to Richard Raynal Keene to colonize Texas.

1820 – On December 23 Moses Austin presents his proposal for a colony in San Antonio de Béxar to the Congressional Committee on Colonization Questions. It was the beginning of the settlement of Texas by Anglo-Americans.

1821 – On February 24th Agustin de Iturbide, with Guadalupe Victoria and Vicente Guerrero, proclaims the Plan de Iguala: the Mexican Declaration of Independence to free Mexico from Spain. Finally, on September 28th Mexico becomes an independent nation with Agustin de Iturbide as Head of State. Moses Austin is given permission to settle part of Texas with 300 non-Mexican families.

1822 – On May 18 Iturbide is crowned emperor under the name of Agustin I, whose empire extends from Oregon to Central America, including California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, parts of Wyoming and Central America (except Panama).

1823 – On March 19 Iturbide abdicates and leaves Mexico. U.S. President James Monroe declares the Monroe Doctrine prohibiting the involvement of European powers in the American continent. Stephen F. Austin’s land grant in Texas is authorized.

1824 – On October 10th the Congress elects Guadalupe Victoria as Mexico's first President and Nicolas Bravo as Vice President. The Constitution divides Mexico into nineteen states and five territories. Central America separates from Mexico; Chiapas –then part of Central America– decides to stay as part of Mexico.1833 – Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes president of the Republic of Mexico.

1836 – On March 6 Santa Anna attacks the Alamo. On April 22 Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna at the battle of San Jacinto. Texas declares independence from Mexico.

1846 – The U.S. Congress declares war on Mexico following a bloody skirmish between U.S. and Mexican troops on the frontier with Texas. After U.S. Marines capture the capital, Mexico sues for peace and, in a treaty signed in February 1848, cedes nearly half of its national territory to the United States.

1857 – Mexico adopts a constitution that secularizes education and forces the Roman Catholic Church to sell its vast landholdings. The move sparks a civil war over church power that lasts until 1861.

1861 – President Benito Juarez declares a moratorium in foreign debt payments. England, Spain, and France send war ships to Veracruz to collect debts. Spain and England recede but France attacks. Napoleon’s III army invades Mexico.

1862 – On May 5th, the Mexican army under General Ignacio Zaragoza defeats invading French troops at the Battle of Puebla. 1863 – The French army captures Puebla, and on June 7 it enters Mexico City.1864 – On June 12 Austrian archduke Maximilian and his wife Charlotte enter Mexico City installing the second empire in Mexico.

1867 – Napoleon III withdraws French troops from Mexico. On June 10 Colonel Porfirio Diaz takes Puebla and on June 21 he takes Mexico City. General Mariano Escobedo defeats Maximilian who is captured in Queretaro and executed by a firing squad. The Mexican republic is restored on July 15 with Benito Juarez as president.

1876 – Porfirio Diaz leads a revolt against the government of President Sebastian Lerdo, and then assumes the presidency. Except for a four-year period when a subordinate serves as president, Diaz rules Mexico until 1911.

1910 – On November 20th Francisco Madero calls for an armed revolt against Diaz and sparks the Mexican Revolution, throwing the country into political upheaval that lasts until 1917.

1917 – On February 5th a new constitution benefiting groups involved in the revolution is approved. The document guarantees a minimum wage and the right to strike. It also outlines a plan for land reform and agrarian rights for peasants.

1927 – Outraged by the new constitution's restrictions on the church, Catholics in central Mexico launch a rebellion. The conflict ends with government concessions three years later.

1929 – A year after leaving office, former President Plutarco Calles founds the National Revolutionary Party. Later rechristened the Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI, the party wins the 1929 presidential election and enjoys uninterrupted national rule for the next seven decades.

1938 – On March 18th President Lazaro Cardenas nationalizes Mexico's oil industry as part of a sweeping populist program that also strengthens labor unions and redistributes millions of acres of land from the wealthy to small farmers. The program enshrines Cardenas as the most beloved Mexican president of the 20th century.

1939 – Manuel Gomez Morin founds the National Action Party, or PAN. Anchored in an alliance between business owners and the Catholic Church, the PAN struggles 50 years before winning its first governorship.

1968 – On October 2nd soldiers and police open fire on thousands of students protesting in Mexico City's Plaza de Tlatelolco, giving birth to a new era in Mexican politics.

1982 – On August 12th Mexico suspends its international debt payments after falling oil prices make it impossible for the government to repay foreign loans. The debt crisis leads to currency devaluations and hyperinflation that devastate the economy for most of the decade. In 1987, annual inflation tops 159 percent.

1985 – On September 19th an earthquake strikes Mexico City, causing an estimated $4 billion in damage. The government puts the death toll at 7,000, but aid groups say that as many as 30,000 people lost their lives.

1988 – The PRI's Carlos Salinas de Gortari is elected president in a vote that many believe is marred by fraud. Salinas ushers in electoral reforms, including the creation of an independent institute to oversee balloting. The opposition scores a series of election victories over the next decade.

1992 – The leaders of Mexico, Canada and the United States sign the North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA. The agreement will erase most trading barriers between the three countries by 2009. 1994 – On New Year's Day Maya Indian rebellion erupts in the southernmost state of Chiapas. The rebels, known as the Zapatistas, time their uprising to begin on the day that NAFTA takes effect.

1994 – On March 23rd Luis Donoldo Colosio, the PRI's presidential candidate, is assassinated while campaigning in Tijuana, Baja California.1994 – On December 21st the government of President Zedillo devalues the peso, and foreign investment flees the country, triggering one of the worst economic crises in Mexican history.

1997 – On July 6th in midterm elections, the PRI loses its majority in the lower house of Congress for the first time since the party's founding. Cuauhtemoc Cardenas, son of the revered former president and leader of the left-of-center Democratic Revolution Party, is elected mayor of Mexico City by a landslide.

1999 – On November 7th the PRI holds its first presidential primary, ending a tradition that allowed the sitting president to pick the party's candidate. Francisco Labastida, widely believed to be Zedillo's choice as a successor, wins the vote easily.

2000 – On July 2nd Vicente Fox, the candidate of the National Action Party (PAN), wins the presidential election in a stunning upset, breaking the PRI's 71-year hold on the nation's top office. On December 1st Vicente Fox becomes the first opposition president of Mexico since the Mexican Revolution of 1910.